SR questions are commonly used for gathering information about knowledge, facts, higher-order thinking, and problem-solving skills. The SR items, such as true/false, matching or multiple-choice, are much easier than the CR items in terms of objective scoring ( Isaacs et al., 2013). Test items (questions) are usually classified into two types: selected-response (SR), and constructed-response (CR). Finally, we draw a set of discussions and conclusions. Second, we present a structured literature review of the available Automatic Featuring AES systems. First, we present a structured literature review of the available Handcrafted Features AES systems. We reviewed the systems of the two categories in terms of system primary focus, technique(s) used in the system, the need for training data, instructional application (feedback system), and the correlation between e-scores and human scores. On the other hand, the systems of the latter category are based on the automatic learning of the features and relations between an essay and its score without any handcrafted features. The systems of the former category are closely bonded to the quality of the designed features. Two categories have been identified: handcrafted features and automatically featured AES systems. We have reviewed the existing literature using Google Scholar, EBSCO and ERIC to search for the terms “AES”, “Automated Essay Scoring”, “Automated Essay Grading”, or “Automatic Essay” for essays written in English language.

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